Boys and girls—and grown folks also—often turn first to the last chapter of a book, before reading it, to see how it ends. At times this is a good idea; for when we know the end of a story, we can often better understand it as it is told. This then is what we will do in this book. We will first see what the end of the story of the Middle Ages is; then, as we read, we shall better understand how that end was brought about. When Columbus in the year 1492 returned from his voyage of discovery, a keen rivalry began among the Old World nations for the possession of the New World. Expedition followed expedition; Spaniards, Portuguese, French, English, and later the Dutch and Swedes,—all began to strive with one another for the wealth and dominion of the new-found lands; and American history—our own history—begins...